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Bordered on three sides by oceans - the Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic - Canada possesses a variety of terrain, from rainforests on the west coast to near desert conditions in the southern prairies. Its mountains range from the rugged peaks of the Western Cordillera with their lush valleys and highland plateaus, to the older, more rounded, Laurentians. Great plains stretch through the three Prairie provinces. There are rolling central lowlands, vast forests and the treeless tundra of the north.
Canada is a northern country, but its climate varies dramatically. Winters can be long and cold, summers often scorching. On the east and west coasts, ocean currents moderate these extremes; southwest British Columbia, warmed by the Pacific, is labeled Canada's "banana belt" for its year-round temperate climate. Newfoundland, cooled by the Labrador current, is much colder.
From the land comes a variety of riches. Forests - from the giants of the British Columbia coast to the extensive spruce, fir and pine belts that blanket much of the north - are the basis of thriving pulp and paper and lumber industries. The Prairie provinces export large amounts of wheat and a growing roster of other crops, notably canola. A bountiful harvest of fruits and vegetables is reaped from other fertile farming districts across the country, along with beef, pork and dairy products.
Under the earth's surface is a storehouse of petroleum, natural gas and minerals, its riches still largely uncounted. Canada is one of the world's leading producers of nickel and zinc, as well as silver, asbestos, uranium, molybdenum, potash, gold, copper and platinum.
Canada's water resources are remarkable. Its lakes account for a considerable amount of the world's fresh water. Its oceans, lakes and rivers abound with a variety of life. Highways of exploration for early settlement, complex river systems today transport the products of processing and manufacturing industries, as well as provide hydroelectric power for domestic use and export.
Not least, the astonishing natural beauty of Canada - mountains, lakes, plains and its vast wilderness - attracts visitors from around the world.
Bunched near the southern border with the United States, the people of Canada are perhaps its greatest resource. The population is a mixture of nationalities and races that brings many cultural influences to the Canadian identity. First Nations peoples and the two main streams of early settlement - French and English - are joined by immigrants from every corner of the globe. Just as the Francophone culture is protected in this officially bilingual nation, so the various other nationalities celebrate a diverse cultural heritage within the context of being proudly Canadian. Rather than being a melting pot, Canada is often described as a cultural mosaic, where each culture fits into the whole but maintains its own identity.
